A collision-avoidance system needs more than the distance to an obstacle. Safe stopping also depends on vehicle mass distribution, braking behaviour, suspension and the terrain beneath the tyres.
Hanno Moes developed a multi-physics digital twin of an Epiroc Scooptram ST14 with industry collaboration. The model provides a controlled environment for studying how terrain and vehicle dynamics influence braking strategy and collision scenarios.
This is the practical advantage of a physics-based twin: parameters that are difficult or unsafe to vary on a working machine can be tested virtually, then compared with real evidence. Hanno submitted the dissertation in the second quarter of 2026 and was awaiting examination.